Henry Anderson attends a meeting of "My Child Says Daddy," where men gather weekly to discuss ways to negotiate the court system regarding child support issues. ROBERT GAUTHIER / Los Angeles Times

Tough Laws, Weak Record
      California's watchdog Little Hoover Commission last year issued a scathing report on the child support program, noting the irony of a state with some of the toughest child support laws in the nation having such a poor track record.
      "In recent years, the child support program has been bolstered by considerable federal and state legislation," the report said. "But given the possibilities and the imperative, the progress is anemic."
      Another report, released Monday by a coalition of child support advocacy groups, says that although the amount of support collected has grown in the past five years, the amount of uncollected money has increased far more dramatically--from $3 billion in 1992 to $8.2 billion as of 1996.
      "Overall, the state's child support program remains near the bottom of the nation, failing far more children than it helps," said the report issued by the National Center for Youth Law, the Child Support Reform Initiative and Children Now.
      Those who want to reform the state's child support system can choose from several models across the nation.
      Some states, like Texas and Florida, rely on a single agency to collect support--the attorney general and department of finance, respectively. Others, like Minnesota and New York, split the responsibility between several county agencies and rely on another bureaucracy in the state capitol to coordinate.

A small demonstration of angry fathers outside an Anaheim hotel where the fourth annual "Fathers, Families and Communities" conference was held. ROBERT GAUTHIER / Los Angeles Times

      In some states, child support is a largely administrative process. In others, like California, it is run by county prosecutors who put the process in more of a judicial framework.
      All states have one thing in common: They do not collect nearly enough of the money owed to children.
      "Child support is not an easy business," said Robert Doar, who runs New York's program. "We are dealing with money and family, and those [things] will make people do the most mean-spirited things. . . . We have to have realistic expectations about what we can achieve."
      Some states, however, are better than others for a variety of reasons, experts say--usually a mixture of demographics, management and structure.
      Critics say California--especially Los Angeles County--lags in all three.
      "California has one of the worst systems in the country," said Columbia University professor Irwin Garfinkel, a leading child support scholar. "The system is so localized . . . so county-based, it's almost like going from one state to another, [and] that probably by itself accounts for the relatively dismal performance."
      The states that are most successful tend to have strong, centralized coordination, even if each county operates independently, said Michael Kharfen, a spokesman for the federal Department of Health and Human Services.
      In its report, the Little Hoover Commission found that is not the case in California and contended that the Department of Social Services was "rewarding excuses rather than results."
      The rewards come in the form of federal funds that flow to California from the federal Department of Health and Human Services. Last year, spending by district attorneys across the state increased faster than the child support they distributed.
      The Little Hoover Commission and the state's legislative analyst have criticized as deeply flawed the way the state Department of Social Services has for years evaluated the child support efforts of California's district attorneys.
      Even if a district attorney's office failed its performance evaluation, it still could receive millions in federal dollars. Los Angeles County, for example, failed every performance evaluation until last year. Yet between 1995 and 1997, according to an analysis by the National Center for Youth Law, the amount of federal money it received rose eight times faster than its collections.
      The reason the state does not take a harder stand is because it hopes to work with the district attorneys to help them better provide for the children they serve. Although Frye said the approach has succeeded, advocates counter that it has undermined accountability by allowing systems like Los Angeles' to collect from parents in only a fraction of their cases, without penalties or consequences.
      In Los Angeles, the district attorney's office collects support from the noncustodial parent in fewer than 8% of its 500,000 cases.
      "It is a massive failure of the whole regulatory structure," said Betty Nordwind, executive director of the Harriett Buhai Center for Family Law in Los Angeles.
      "Where is the state? Where are the feds?" said Nordwind, who also chairs the county's Family Support Advisory Board. "How come this program, which is one of the largest in the country . . . has been allowed to get this far in life with an 8% collection rate?"
      The Legislature changed the evaluation process this year, focusing on each county's performance in collecting child support to reimburse the welfare system.
      Other efforts to reform the system, however, have died.
      In each of the past three years, child support advocates had bills introduced in the Assembly or the state Senate to move control of child support programs from the district attorneys to another government agency.
      Some years the bills simply died without a hearing. In other years, proposed reforms were killed after strong opposition from the California District Attorneys Assn., which has a child support lobbyist.
      "You can't get enough people who want to take on the district attorneys," said Assemblywoman Debra Bowen (D-Marina del Rey). "It gets derailed before it ever gets voted on."
      Los Angeles lawyer Gloria Allred, a longtime child support advocate, said, "I can't really account for why [district attorneys] want to hold onto it, except to say I've never seen an elected official give up power. . . .
      "If I had a system that didn't work, I'd want to fix it or turn it over to someone else."

Alternative Strategies
      It is not just a question of mismanagement, some say. Prosecutors simply may not be the best people to handle the sensitive issue of child support.
      "They're set up to hunt down and punish people who have broken the law," said Michele Salinger, a staff attorney at Levitt & Quinn Family Law Center in Los Angeles, which helps indigent parents deal with the district attorney's child support office. "I think this problem is so bad and so broad right now that it needs a somewhat finer touch."
      Even some former district attorneys concede that the program should be moved.
      "The D.A.'s office wasn't and isn't set up to do collections," said former Los Angeles Dist. Atty. Robert Philibosian, who advocates privatization.
      Prosecutors say they should keep the program because they can run it best.
      "We strongly believe that the further away you remove it from local control, the worse the service is going to get," said Sacramento prosecutor Jonathan Burris, president of the California Family Support Council.
      At least now, said San Diego County Dist. Atty. Paul Pfingst, voters can hold someone accountable for the child support program. "There [has] to be an elected person whom the public can kick out of office rather than a bureaucracy far away that history has shown us doesn't care."

Accountability Measure
      The district attorneys this year, however, were instrumental in killing a measure that could have provided more accountability for their child support operations.
      Assemblywoman Aroner introduced a bill to create an appeals process for mothers or fathers who believe that their child support cases were botched by district attorneys. It was a move suggested by the Little Hoover Commission in its 1997 report.
      The district attorneys organization opposed the bill, arguing that untold thousands of parents would complain. It estimated that the process would cost millions of dollars, a contention Aroner's office disputes.
      Prosecutors also argued that an appeals process would have been redundant.
      "You right now have that same process existing in the court," Burris said. "If the court process is unfriendly, if they think it's not usable by people, they have to fix that process."
      Despite opposition from district attorneys, the bill gained wide support in the Legislature and was passed on a bipartisan vote, backed by a unique lobbying partnership between fathers' and mothers' rights groups.
      But last month, Gov. Pete Wilson vetoed the bill, saying child support was already adequately monitored by the state and federal governments and did not need additional oversight.
      Now, said Leora Gershenzon of the National Center for Youth Law, a backer of the bill, "we have to start from scratch next year."

     Times researcher Janet Lundblad contributed to this story.

     Who to Call for Help
      The following organizations provide free or low-cost advice on child support matters:

• ACES (Association for Children for the Enforcement of Support) (800) 738-2237
• Child Support Paralegal Services (213) 387-2727
• CORE (Congress on Racial Equality) (213) 252-1996
• Harriett Buhai Center for Family Law (323) 939-2174
• Lawyers for Family Support (323) 852-1475
• Legal Aid Foundation of Los Angeles (323) 801-7991
• Levitt and Quinn Family Law Center (213) 482-1800
• My Child Says Daddy (323) 296-8816
• Neighborhood Legal Services (800) 433-6251
• SPUNK (Single Parents United 'N Kids) (562) 984-2580
• Vincent Family Law Center (213) 365-6085